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Common Examples Of Pathogens Are Pollen And Animal Hair.
Sunflower pollen reduces gut pathogens in a model bee species, Bombus impetines, but has weak effects on three wild congeners.
Presence Of Zoonotic Pathogens In Wildlife Market For Human Consumption In Laos
Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 221 Morrell Science Center South, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Commercial bumblebees have become popular models for understanding stress and addressing pollinator health, but few studies have examined whether findings translate to other pollinators. Consumption of sunflower pollen dramatically reduces infection of the intestinal parasite Crathidia bombi in commercially reared Bombus impatiens. We evaluated the effect of sunflower pollen on the infection of wild B. impatiens, Bombus griseocallis, Bombus bimaculatus and Bombus vagaans. We also asked whether abundance diet (50% sunflower pollen vs. wildflower pollen) and infection (yes/no) affected wild bee performance. Compared to the control, sunflower pollen from commercial and wild B. Dramatically reduced Crithidia infections in victims, b. bimaculatus and B. Wagons had a similar but less dramatic effect and B. Grisocholis had no effect. Bombus impatiens, B. bimaculatus and B. vagans are in the same subspecies, suggesting that responses to sunflower pollen may be phylogenetically conserved. In microcolonies, 50% sunflower pollen reduced infection compared to wild-type pollen, but also reduced productivity. Sunflower pollen b. Crithidia may control infection in victims and potential close relatives, but may prevent reproduction if other resources are lacking. We caution that studies using managed bee species, such as B. impatiens, should be interpreted with caution, as the results may not be applicable to all bee species. Editor and reviewer affiliations are most recently provided in their Loop Research profile and may not reflect their status during review.
Herbivorous insects, like other organisms, are exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the surrounding environment. Their associated insects and microorganisms share a variety of relationships, including symbiotic and pathogenic. Insects damage plants by feeding on them and carrying plant pathogens to injured areas, from where the pathogen spreads to the plant. Thus, insects can be considered both pests and vectors of waterborne or plant diseases. Although beetles are not primarily mentioned as plant pathogen vectors, they also transmit pathogens and affect ecosystems. Here we provide an overview of beetles as vectors of plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and oomycota, responsible for the development of plant diseases that have significant impacts on crop yield and quality. .
Bacterial Microbiota Associated With Flower Pollen Is Influenced By Pollination Type, And Shows A High Degree Of Diversity And Species‐specificity
Herbivorous insects, like other organisms, are exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the surrounding environment, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mycota (Hammer et al., 2017; Gurung et al., 2019). Many pathogens acquired by insects through food or soil cannot infect the insect host (Hammer et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2019). However, some can colonize insects and share symbiotic (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism) or pathogenic relationships with them. Insect-associated pathogens can play a variety of roles in interactions between plants, other insects, or insects with other insects (Chung et al., 2013; Mason et al., 2019). It has been shown that insect oral secretions or regulators contain diverse microbial communities, effectors, proteins and small molecules that can influence plant defense responses to feeding insects (Figure 1; Acevedo et al., 2017; Gedling et al., 2018).
Figure 1. Herbivorous insects encounter a variety of hosts including bacteria, fungi, viruses, oomycota or nematodes. They share a variety of relationships with insects, including symbiotic (mutualism, commensalism and parasitism) or pathogenic. An insect can damage a plant directly or indirectly by transferring plant pathogens to the injured site, from where they spread throughout the plant. Insect oral secretions or regurgitants may contain microbes that can affect plant responses to feeding insects or be pathogenic to plants.
Insects can be considered both pests and reservoirs or vectors of plant pathogens because they cause damage to plants directly and indirectly by delivering plant pathogens to wounded sites, from where the pathogen spreads throughout the plant (Fig. 1; Agrios, 2008).
The Coral Pathogen Vibrio Coralliilyticus Kills Non Pathogenic Holobiont Competitors By Triggering Prophage Induction
Hemipteran insects, including leafhoppers and psyllids, are considered the most important vectors of the bacterium because of their wide host range and rapid reproduction ( Perilla-Henao and Casteel, 2016 ). Instead, whiteflies and aphids are considered important vectors of the virus (Jones, 2003; Perilla-Henao and Castile, 2016; Ghosh et al., 2017).
Coleoptera is the largest insect order with over 360,000 species, accounting for 40% of the world’s known insect species. Beetles were not first noted as disease vectors, but some of them infect plants with pathogens and cause considerable damage. Here, we provide an overview of beetles as vectors of plant diseases, including viruses, bacteria, nematodes, fungi and mycota, responsible for the development of plant diseases with significant impacts on crop yield and quality. are (Salo Rojas, 2013; Payne et al., 2018). Successful management of plant diseases requires knowledge of plant-pathogen-insect vector interactions, which is fundamental to reducing the incidence and spread of plant diseases and yield reductions, as well as limiting the amount of plant protection chemical applications. for the environment.
Plants are rooted and mobile, and thus pathogens must be transported to them (Agrios, 2008). Pathogens require natural plant openings or wounds to enter the plant. Insects are considered part of the disease complex because feeding wounds form an entry point for plant pathogens (Wilsey et al., 2017). Insects are often involved in the transfer of pathogens from one plant or organism to another. The mode of transmission depends on both the insect species and the pathogen. In some cases, insects accidentally carry pathogens, without any special relationship between them. For example, bacterial and fungal spores are often sticky and attached to insect bodies while feeding or moving through areas of the plant where the spores accumulate. Insects can also introduce pathogens with food. Ingested pathogens circulate within the insect’s body, reach the salivary glands, mouthparts, and finally enter the plant host through wounds resulting from insect feeding. Overall, insects can carry plant pathogens on their legs, mouthparts, body, and internally in their digestive tract and hemocoel (Fig. 2; Agrios, 2008; Gedling et al., 2018).
Sunflower Pollen Reduces A Gut Pathogen In The Model Bee Species, Bombus Impatiens, But Has Weaker Effects In Three Wild Congeners
Figure 2. (A) Plant pathogens can increase their acquisition and transmission by altering plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that attract insect vectors to infected plants. In some cases, plant pathogen infection may involve both larval and adult stages. Insects can acquire plant pathogens accidentally (bacterial and fungal spores are often sticky and adhere to the insect’s body) and through food. (b) Enteric spores circulate through/in the insect body, reach salivary glands, mouthparts, and finally enter the plant host through wounds resulting from insect feeding. in the. Some pathogens can be collected in the wound area through the stool.
Insects select plant hosts based on multiple sensory cues, including visual (e.g., leaf color), odor (emission of volatile organic compounds – VOCs; Heard, 1999; Mauck et al., 2014), odor , or pulling stimulus (He). 1999). Many studies have shown that plant pathogens, including viruses, alter plant phenotype, flavor, and nutrient content, thereby increasing plant visitation, acquisition of insect vectors and pathogens, and transmission to other plants (Lieutier et al., 2009; Chesnais et al., 2020). It was reported that the beetle vector has a preference for pathogen-infected plants (Musser et al., 2003). For example, increasing changes in plant VOCs increases the accumulation of insect vectors in infected plants ( Mauck et al., 2010 ). This phenomenon is seen in many insect species, including those belonging to the Coleoptera order. Pests can also affect the quality of the primary plant host as a resource for insect vectors (Mock et al., 2010; Chesnais et al., 2019) and this has a direct effect on insect behavior (Figure 2 ; Coplin et al., 2002; Mann et al., 2012; Shapiro et al., 2012). In addition, increased attraction of insect vectors to infected plant hosts has been documented in response to visual changes in plant phenotype to plant pathogens (Chesnais et al., 2020). Musser et al. (2003) demonstrated that Epilachana varivestis (Coccinellidae) apparently prefers to feed on modified plants infected with bean pod mottle virus (BPMV, Secoviridae) and southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV, Solemoviridae).
Many plant viruses are transmitted by contact with plants or their plant products, but most of them depend on vectors. More than 70 species of beetles (Smith et al., 2017) are known to transmit viruses that infect economically important vegetable and cereal crops. It is estimated that about 11% of insect-borne viruses are transmitted by insects (Smith et al., 2017; Bhatt and Rao, 2020). Beetle vectors of plant viruses belong to the families Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Meloidae (Gergerich, 2001; Fereres and Raccah, 2015) and there are at least six groups of plant viruses with a unique mode of transmission: meclomoviruses. , bromovirus, comovirus. , sobemovirus, and thymovirus (Scott and Fulton, 1978;
Phyllosphere Microorganisms: Sources, Drivers, And Their Interactions With Plant Hosts
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